Astronomy & Astrophysics

Free access article

A&A 438, 159-168 (2005)
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:20042182

Enhanced X-ray variability from V1647 Ori, the young star in outburst illuminating McNeil's Nebula

N. Grosso¹, J. H. Kastner², H. Ozawa¹, M. Richmond², T. Simon³, D. A. Weintraub⁴, K. Hamaguchi^{5, 6} and A. Frank⁷

¹ Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble, Université Joseph-Fourier, Grenoble, 38041, France
e-mail: Nicolas.Grosso@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr
² Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623-5604, USA
³ Institute for Astronomy, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA
⁴ Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
⁵ NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA
⁶ National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Washington, DC 20001, USA
⁷ University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA

(Received 14 October 2004 / Accepted 11 March 2005 )

Abstract
We report a ~38 ks X-ray observation of McNeil's Nebula obtained with XMM-Newton on 2004 April 4. V1647 Ori, the young star in outburst illuminating McNeil's Nebula, is detected with XMM-Newton and appears variable in X-rays. We investigate the hardness ratio variability and time variations of the event energy distribution with quantile analysis, and show that the large increase of the count rate from V1647 Ori observed during the second half of the observation is not associated with any large plasma temperature variations as for typical X-ray flares from young low-mass stars. X-ray spectral fitting shows that the bulk (~ $75\%$ ) of the intrinsic X-ray emission in the 0.5-8 keV energy band comes from a soft plasma component, with $kT_{\rm soft}=0.9$ keV (0.7-1.1 keV, at the 90% confidence limit), reminiscent of the X-ray spectrum of the classical T Tauri star TW Hya, for which X-ray emission is believed to be generated by an accretion shock onto the photosphere of a low-mass star. The hard plasma component, with $kT_{\rm hard}=4.2$ keV (3.0-6.5 keV), contributes ~ $25\%$ of the total X-ray emission, and can be understood only in the framework of plasma heating sustained by magnetic reconnection events. We find a hydrogen column density of $N_{\rm H}=4.1\times10^$ cm^-2 ( $3.5{-}4.7\times10^$ cm^-2), which points out a significant excess of hydrogen column density compared to the value derived from optical/IR observations, consistent with the picture of the rise of a wind/jet unveiled from ground optical spectroscopy. The X-ray flux observed with XMM-Newton ranges from roughly the flux observed by Chandra on 2004 March 22 (i.e. ~10 times greater than the pre-outburst X-ray flux) to a value two times greater than that caught by Chandra on 2004 March 7 (i.e. ~200 times greater than the pre-outburst X-ray flux). The X-ray variability of V1647 Ori in outburst is clearly enhanced. We have investigated the possibility that V1647 Ori displays a periodic variation in X-ray brightness as suggested by the combined Chandra+XMM-Newton data set. Assuming that the X-ray flux density is periodic, the folding of the two Chandra observed X-ray flux densities with the XMM-Newton ones leads to three periodic X-ray light curve solutions. Our best period candidate is 0.72 day, which corresponds to the time scale of the Keplerian rotation at a distance of 1 and 1.4 stellar radius for a one solar mass star aged of 0.5 and 1 Myrs, respectively. We propose that the emission measure, i.e. the observed X-ray flux, is modulated by the Keplerian rotation of the inner part of the V1647 Ori accretion disk.

Key words: stars: individual: V1647 Ori -- stars: pre-main sequence -- X-rays: stars

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